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Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning.[1] The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb doc?re [d??ke?r?] 'to teach'. It has been used as an academic title in Europe since the 13th century, when the first doctorates Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. were awarded at the University of Bologna and the University of Paris. Having become established in European universities, this usage spread around the world. Contracted "Dr" or "Dr.", it is used as a designation for a person who has obtained a doctorate (e.g. PhD). In many parts of the world Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. it is also used by medical practitioners, regardless of whether or not they hold a doctoral-level degree.
The doctorate (Latin: doce?, lit. 'I teach') appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach (Latin: licentia docendi) at a medieval university.[2] Its roots can be traced to the early church when the Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. term "doctor" referred to the Apostles, church fathers and other
Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible.[2] The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the church which required the applicant to pass a test, take an Oath of allegiance and pay a fee. The Third Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access – now largely free of charge – of all able applicants, who were, however, still tested for aptitude by the ecclesiastic scholastic.[3] This right remained a bone of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach (licentia ubiquie docendi).[3] However, while the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelor's degree (Baccalaureus), it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the Magister and doctorate, both Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching.[3]
The earliest doctoral degrees (theology, law, and medicine) reflected the historical
separation of all university study into these three fields. Over time the D.D. has gradually become less common and studies outside theology, law, and medicine have become more common (such Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. studies were then called "philosophy", but are now classified as sciences and humanities – however this usage survives in the degree of Doctor of Philosophy).
The Ph.D. was originally a degree granted by a university to learned individuals who had achieved the approval of their peers and who had demonstrated Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. a long and productive career in the field of philosophy (in the broad sense of the term, meaning the pursuit of knowledge). The appellation of "Doctor" (from Latin: teacher) was usually awarded only when the individual was in middle age. It indicated a life dedicated to learning, knowledge, and the Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. spread of knowledge. The Ph.D. entered widespread use in the 19th century at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin as a degree to be granted to someone who had undertaken original
research in the sciences or humanities. Prior to the formal degree, the contemporary doctorate (PhD), arguably, arose in Leipzig as Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. a successor to the Master's (MA) degree in 1652 (Dr. habil).[4]
In some European countries, such as Italy and Portugal, Doctor became a title given to all or most degree holders, not just those with doctorates.[5][6] As a result, the title is now used by many professionals in these countries, Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. including those such as lawyers who are not normally granted the title elsewhere.[7][8] The title is also used for lawyers in South America, where they have traditionally earned doctoral degrees,[9][10][11][12] as well as in the former Portuguese territory of Macau in China.[13]
The primary meaning of Doctor in English has Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. historically been with reference to the holder of a doctoral degree.[14] These particularly referred to the ancient faculties of divinity, law and medicine, sometimes with the addition of music, which were the only doctoral degrees offered until the 19th century.
During the 19th century, Ph.D.s became increasingly common in Britain, Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. although to obtain the degree it was necessary to travel to continental Europe or (from 1861) to the United States, as the degree was not awarded in the UK until 1917.
However, the title, not being protected by law, was adopted by quacks.[15] As a result, by the mid 19th Vivere momento per momento. Nuova ediz. century, it was normal in the UK to omit the title "Dr" when addressing letters to those holding doctoral degrees, and instead write the abbreviated form of the degree after the name, e.g. "The Reverend Robert Phelps, D.D.", "Thomas Elliotson, Esq. M.D.", or "Joh
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